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Non-toxic, high selectivity process for the extraction of precious metals from waste printed circuit

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2023年第17卷第10期 doi: 10.1007/s11783-023-1723-z

摘要：

● Au, Ag and Pd were recovered from WPCBs with high efficiencies.

关键词： Thiosulfate Printed circuit boards Precious metals Leaching Hydrometallurgy

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A critical review on the recycling of copper and precious metals from waste printed circuit boards using

Zebing Wu, Wenyi Yuan, Jinhui Li, Xiaoyan Wang, Lili Liu, Jingwei Wang

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2017年第11卷第5期 doi: 10.1007/s11783-017-0995-6

摘要： Currently, increasing amounts of end-of-life (EoL) electronic products are being generated due to their reduced life spans and the unavailability of suitable recycling technologies. In particular, waste printed circuit boards (PCBs) have become of global concern with regard to environmental issues because of their high metal and toxic material contents, which are pollutants. There are many environmental threats owed to the disposal of electronic waste; off-gasses, such as dioxins, furans, polybrominated organic pollutants, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, can be generated during thermal treatments, which can cause serious health problems if effective off-gas cleaning systems are not developed and improved. Moreover, heavy metals will dissolve, and release into the ground water from the landfill sites. Such waste PCBs contain precious metals which are of monetary value. Therefore, it is beneficial to recover the metal content and protect the environment from pollution. Hydrometallurgy is a successful technique used worldwide for the recovery of precious metals (especially gold and silver) from ores, concentrates, and waste materials. It is generally preferred over other methods because it can offer high recovery rates at a relatively low cost. This article reviews the recent trends and developments with regard to the recycling of precious metals from waste PCBs through hydrometallurgical techniques, such as leaching and recovery.

关键词： Waste PCBs Precious metals Hydrometallurgy Recycling Leaching Recovery

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Recovery of rare and precious metals from urban mines—A review

Mengmeng Wang, Quanyin Tan, Joseph F. Chiang, Jinhui Li

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2017年第11卷第5期 doi: 10.1007/s11783-017-0963-1

摘要： Urban mining is essential for continued natural resource extraction. The recovery of rare and precious metals (RPMs) from urban mines has attracted increasing attention from both academic and industrial sectors, because of the broad application and high price of RPMs, and their low content in natural ores. This study summarizes the distribution characteristics of various RPMs in urban mines, and the advantages and shortcomings of various technologies for RPM recovery from urban mines, including both conventional (pyrometallurgical, hydrometallurgical, and biometallurgical processing), and emerging (electrochemical, supercritical fluid, mechanochemical, and ionic liquids processing) technologies. Mechanical/physical technologies are commonly employed to separate RPMs from nonmetallic components in a pre-treatment process. A pyrometallurgical process is often used for RPM recovery, although the expensive equipment required has limited its use in small and medium-sized enterprises. Hydrometallurgical processing is effective and easy to operate, with high selectivity of target metals and high recovery efficiency of RPMs, compared to pyrometallurgy. Biometallurgy, though, has shown the most promise for leaching RPMs from urban mines, because of its low cost and environmental friendliness. Newly developed technologies—electrochemical, supercritical fluid, ionic liquid, and mechanochemical—have offered new choices and achieved some success in laboratory experiments, especially as efficient and environmentally friendly methods of recycling RPMs. With continuing advances in science and technology, more technologies will no doubt be developed in this field, and be able to contribute to the sustainability of RPM mining.

关键词： Rare and precious metals (RPMs) Distribution characteristics Recycling technology Emerging technology Supercritical fluid

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从原子结构探讨贵金属在提取冶金过程中的行为

陈景

《中国工程科学》 1999年第1卷第2期页码 34-40

摘要：

从原子结构特征分析了第Ⅷ族和IB族中Fe、Co、Ni、Cu 3d贱金属元素与其余8个贵金属元素化学性质的差异，以及Ru、Rh、Pd、Ag 4d贵金属与Os、Ir、Pt、Au 5d贵金属化学性质的差异。指出横向比较时，它们的化学稳定性都是从左到右增大；纵向比较时，化学稳定性是3d≤4d＜5d。以从硫化铜镍矿中提取富集贵金属为例，讨论了焙烧-还原熔炼-氧化吹炼等火法过程及电解富集、阳极泥硫酸化处理、湿法氯化、加压氧化、选择性还原等湿法过程中贵金属的行为。

关键词：原子结构贵金属提取冶金

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贵金属物理性质与原子结构的关系

陈景

《中国工程科学》 2000年第2卷第7期页码 66-73

摘要：

按周期表位置排列的8个贵金属元素的物理性质，归纳出三种类型的规律，即原子半径相近，密度与比热接近倍比；熔点、沸点、硬度及其它力学性质呈线性变化；热导率和电导率呈不规则变化。文章用价键理论从原子结构特征对产生三类规律的原因进行了讨论。

关键词：贵金属物理性质原子结构

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火法冶金中贱金属及锍捕集贵金属原理的讨论

陈　景

《中国工程科学》 2007年第9卷第5期页码 11-16

摘要：

从微观层次讨论火法熔炼过程中贱金属相及锍相捕集贵金属的原理。认为捕集作用的发生是由于熔融的渣相和贱金属相两者的组成结构差异很大。渣相靠共价键和离子键把硅、氧原子和Ca^２＋，Mg^２＋，Fe^２＋等离子束缚在一起，键电子都是定域电子，贵金属原子在熔渣中不能稳定存在。金属相靠金属键把原子束缚在一起，原子间的电子可以自由流动。贵金属原子进入金属相可降低体系自由能。锍在高温下具有相当高的导电率（数值在103～104 S·cm-1范围），且温度系数呈负值，属电子导电。熔锍的性质类似金属，因此，在造锍熔炼过程中，

关键词：火法冶金；镍锍；贱金属；捕集；铂族金属

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奋斗创伟业改革结硕果——不断发展的昆明贵金属研究所

null

《中国工程科学》 1999年第1卷第2期页码 99-100

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Improvement potential of today’s WEEE recycling performance: The case of LCD TVs in Belgium

Paul Vanegas, Jef R. Peeters, Dirk Cattrysse, Wim Dewulf, Joost R. Duflou

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2017年第11卷第5期 doi: 10.1007/s11783-017-1000-0

摘要： Waste of electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) constitutes one of the most relevant waste streams because of the quantity and presence of valuable materials. However, there is limited knowledge on the resource potential of urban mining WEEE, as data on material composition, and the efficiency of current recycling treatments are still scarce. In this article, an evaluation of the recycling performance at a national level for one of the fastest growing e-waste streams: LCD TVs is carried out through the following four steps. Firstly, material characterisation is performed by means of sampling of the waste stream. Secondly, a material flow analysis is conducted by evaluating the separation performance of a recycling plant in Belgium. Thirdly, the recovered economic value and avoided environmental impact (EI) of the analysed recycling system is assessed. Finally, the potential of urban mining for Belgium is forecasted. The analysis shows that while recycling performance for ferrous metals and aluminium are relatively high; there is substantial room to better close the material loops for precious metals (PM) and plastics. PMs and plastics account for 66 % of the economic value in LCD TVs and 57% of the EI. With the current, commonly applied recycling technology only one-third of the PM and housing plastics are recycled; meaning that for these materials, at a national level for Belgium, there is a potential for improvement that represents 3.3 million euros in 2016 and 6.8 million euros in 2025.

关键词： Recycling Waste of electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) Material flow analysis LCD TVs Precious metals Plastics

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Exploration of the oxygen transport behavior in non-precious metal catalyst-based cathode catalyst layer

Shiqu CHEN, Silei XIANG, Zehao TAN, Huiyuan LI, Xiaohui YAN, Jiewei YIN, Shuiyun SHEN, Junliang ZHANG

《能源前沿（英文）》 2023年第17卷第1期页码 123-133 doi: 10.1007/s11708-022-0849-1

摘要： High cost has undoubtedly become the biggest obstacle to the commercialization of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), in which Pt-based catalysts employed in the cathodic catalyst layer (CCL) account for the major portion of the cost. Although non-precious metal catalysts (NPMCs) show appreciable activity and stability in the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), the performance of fuel cells based on NPMCs remains unsatisfactory compared to those using Pt-based CCL. Therefore, most studies on NPMC-based fuel cells focus on developing highly active catalysts rather than facilitating oxygen transport. In this work, the oxygen transport behavior in CCLs based on highly active Fe-N-C catalysts is comprehensively explored through the elaborate design of two types of membrane electrode structures, one containing low-Pt-based CCL and NPMC-based dummy catalyst layer (DCL) and the other containing only the NPMC-based CCL. Using Zn-N-C based DCLs of different thickness, the bulk oxygen transport resistance at the unit thickness in NPMC-based CCL was quantified via the limiting current method combined with linear fitting analysis. Then, the local and bulk resistances in NPMC-based CCLs were quantified via the limiting current method and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. Results show that the ratios of local and bulk oxygen transport resistances in NPMC-based CCL are 80% and 20%, respectively, and that an enhancement of local oxygen transport is critical to greatly improve the performance of NPMC-based PEMFCs. Furthermore, the activity of active sites per unit in NPMC-based CCLs was determined to be lower than that in the Pt-based CCL, thus explaining worse cell performance of NPMC-based membrane electrode assemblys (MEAs). It is believed that the development of NPMC-based PEMFCs should proceed not only through the design of catalysts with higher activity but also through the improvement of oxygen transport in the CCL.

关键词： proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) non-precious metal catalyst (NPMC) cathode catalyst layer (CCL) local and bulk oxygen transport resistance

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ASSESSMENT OF HEAVY METALS IN HYDROCHAR PRODUCED BY HYDROTHERMAL CARBONIZATION OF DAIRY MANURE

《农业科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2023年第10卷第3期页码 437-447 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2023507

摘要：

● Content of heavy metals in hydrochar varies considerably, from 50% to 100%.

关键词： heavy metals dairy manure hydrochar hydrothermal carbonization waste management

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Effect of lime on speciation of heavy metals during composting of water hyacinth

Jiwan SINGH,Ajay S. KALAMDHAD

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2016年第10卷第1期页码 93-102 doi: 10.1007/s11783-014-0704-7

摘要： Composting is attractive and inexpensive method for treatment and biomass disposal of water hyacinth. However, the major disadvantage of water hyacinth composting is the high content of heavy metals in the final compost. Addition of lime sludge significantly reduced most bioavailable fractions (exchangeable and carbonate) of heavy metals. Studies were carried on composting of water hyacinth ( ) with cattle manure and sawdust (6:3:1 ratio) and effects of addition of lime (1%, 2% and 3%) on heavy metal speciation were evaluated during 30 days of composting period. The Tessier sequential extraction method was employed to investigate the changes in speciation of heavy metals such as Zinc (Zn), Copper (Cu), Manganese (Mn), Iron (Fe), Lead (Pb), Nickel (Ni), Cadmium (Cd) and Chromium (Cr) during water hyacinth composting. Effects of physicochemical parameters such as temperature, pH and organic matter on speciation of heavy metals were also studied during the process. Results showed that, the total metal content was increased during the composting process. The higher reduction in bioavailability factor (BF) of Cu, Fe, Ni, Cd and Cr was observed in lime 2 treatment about 62.1%, 64.4%, 71.9%, 62.1% and 58.9% respectively; however higher reduction in BF of Zn and Pb was observed in lime 1 treatment during the composting process. Reducible and oxidizable fractions of Ni, Pb and Cd were not observed during the process. Addition of lime was very effective for reduction of bioavailability of heavy metals during composting of water hyacinth with cattle manure and sawdust.

关键词： composting lime heavy metals bioavailability factor speciation

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Emerging roles of liquid metals in carbon neutrality

《能源前沿（英文）》 2022年第16卷第3期页码 393-396 doi: 10.1007/s11708-022-0829-5

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Human health ambient water quality criteria for 13 heavy metals and health risk assessment in Taihu Lake

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2022年第16卷第4期 doi: 10.1007/s11783-021-1475-6

摘要：

• The concentrations of 13 heavy metals in Taihu Lake were analyzed.

关键词： Heavy metals Human health ambient water quality criteria Taihu Lake Health risk assessment Contribution rate

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Predicting non-carcinogenic hazard quotients of heavy metals in pepper (

Marzieh Mokarram, Hamid Reza Pourghasemi, Huichun Zhang

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2020年第14卷第6期 doi: 10.1007/s11783-020-1331-0

摘要： Abstract • There was significant absorption of heavy metals by the pepper in contaminated soils. • The target hazard quotient (THQ) indices followed the order of Pb>Zn>>Cd » Ni. • Relationships exist between contaminated plants and electromagnetic wave. • PCA and random search can select the main spectra and predict THQ for each element. Given the tendency of heavy metals to accumulate in soil and plants, the purpose of this study was to determine the contamination levels of Cd, Ni, Pb, and Zn on peppers (leaves and fruit) grown in contaminated soils in industrial centers. For this purpose, we measured the uptake of the four heavy metals by peppers grown in the heavy metal contaminated soils throughout the four growth stages: two-leaf, growth, flowering, and fruiting, and calculated various vegetation indices to evaluate the heavy metal contamination potentials. Electromagnetic waves were also applied for analyzing the responses of the target plants to various heavy metals. Based on the relevant spectral bands identified by principal component analysis (PCA) and random search methods, a regression method was then employed to determine the most optimal spectral bands for estimating the target hazard quotient (THQ). The THQ was found to be the highest in the plants contaminated by Pb (THQ= 62) and Zn (THQ= 5.07). The results of PCA and random search indicated that the spectra at the bands of b570, b650, and b760 for Pb, b400 and b1030 for Ni, b400 and b880 for Cd, and b560, b910, and b1050 for Zn were the most optimal spectra for assessing THQ. Therefore, in future studies, instead of examining the amount of heavy metals in plants by chemical analysis in the laboratory, the responses of the plants to the electromagnetic waves in the identified bands can be readily investigated in the field based on the established correlations.

关键词： Heavy metals Plants Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) Principal Component Analysis (PCA) Random search Electromagnetic wave

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Re-evaluation of several heavy metals removal by natural limestones

Ali SDIRI,Samir BOUAZIZ

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2014年第8卷第4期页码 418-432 doi: 10.1007/s11705-014-1455-5

摘要： Different treatment technologies have been efficiently applied to remove heavy metals from wastewater. Efforts have been made to find out the most economic water treatment technology by using low cost and easily accessible natural materials. On the other hand, heavy metals are the most threatening groundwater contaminants because of their toxicity and harmful effects on human and biota. This review discusses the use of natural geological materials for heavy metal removal in aqueous systems. Special attention has been devoted to natural limestone through a systematic inventory of relevant published reports. The removal of toxic metals may include different mechanisms (e.g., physisorption, chemisorptions, precipitation, etc.), depending on the physico-chemical properties of the material and the removed metal. Sorption of toxic metals (e.g., Pb, Cu, Cd, Zn, Cr, Hg, etc.) onto natural limestone involved precipitation of metal carbonate as a predominant removal process, but often subordinated by adsorption and ion exchange, depending on the physico-chemical properties of the studied limestone.

关键词： limestone heavy metals sorption wastewater passive treatment technology